Vector World Map On Globe
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Us map with hawaii and alaska gubhhdj10b2z. America Centric World map, Robinson projection, detailed world map, available in editable, layered format for illustrator. Vector World Map On Globe' title='Vector World Map On Globe' />Ch. Map Processing Michael Schmandt. INTRODUCTIONThis chapter and the next focus on key concepts and the preprocessing of your data. Preprocessing is an important but unheralded subject. It shapes the datasets you place in the GIS it prepares them for analysis. This chapter looks at preprocessing the map or spatial component of your features. The next chapter focuses on preprocessing your features attributes. These are the housecleaning tasks mentioned in the first two chapters. This chapter begins with concepts that define the geographical referencing standards of the Earth. Topics include latitude and longitude, projections, coordinate systems, and datums. These concepts help you understand map preprocesses like changing projections, converting layers from vector to raster, and reclassifying or resampling layers. A large part of map preprocessing is to make your data usable by providing consistent projection parameters throughout all your data sets. The goal is to make your layers fit properly over each other. EARTHLatitude and Longitude. Any feature can be referenced by its latitude and longitude, which are angles measured in degrees from the Earths center to a point on the Earths surface see Figure 3. Across the spherical Earth, latitude lines stretch horizontally from east to west left image in Figure 3. Longitude lines, also called meridians, stand vertically and stretch from the North Pole to the South Pole center image in Figure 3. We have updated our free editable vector maps of the world, with most major countries included. You can change the colours and lines to create interesting effects and. A virtual globe is a threedimensional 3D software model or representation of the Earth or another world. A virtual globe provides the user with the ability to. Together these north to south and east to west lines meet at perpendicular angles to form a graticule, a grid that encompasses the Earth right image in Figure 3. Figure 3. 1 Latitude and longitude are angles measured in degrees from the Earths center to a point on the Earths surface. Figure 3. 2 Latitude, longitude, and the Earths graticule. Midway between the poles, the equator stretches around the Earth, and it defines the line of zero degrees latitude left image in Figure 3. Relative to the equator, latitude is measured from 9. North Pole to 9. South Pole. The Prime Meridian is the line of zero degrees longitude center image in Figure 3. Greenwich, England. Longitude runs from 1. Prime Meridian to 1. Because the globe is 3. Earths Shape. If the geographic extent of your project area was small, like a neighborhood or a portion of a city, you could assume that the Earth is flat and use no projection. This is referred to as a planar surface or even a planar projection, but with the understanding that it does not use a projection. Planar representation does not significantly affect a maps accuracy when scales are larger than 1 1. In other words, small areas do not need a projection because the statistical differences between locations on a flat plane and a 3 dimensional surface are not significant. For small scale maps those that encompass a large area, see Figure 2. Earths shape. Our assumption that the Earth is round or spherical does not accurately represent it. The Earths constant spinning causes it to bulge slightly along the equator, ruining its perfect spherical shape. The slightly oval nature of the Earths geometric surface makes the terms ellipsoid and spheroid more accurate in describing its shape, but they are not perfect terms either since differences in material weights for instance iron is denser than sedimentary deposits and the movement of tectonic plates makes the Earth dynamic and constantly changing. The Earth is a geoid with a slight pear shape it is a little larger in the southern hemisphere and includes other bulges. The difference, however, between the ellipsoid and the geoid is minor enough that it does not affect most mapping. Until recently, projections based on geoids were rare because of the complexity and cost of collecting the necessary data to create the projection, but satellite imagery has helped with measurement and geoid projections are now more common. Map Projections Globes do not need projections, and even though they are the best way to depict the Earths shape and to understand latitude and longitude, they are not practical for most applications that require maps. We need flat maps. This requires a reshaping of the Earths 3 dimensions into a 2 dimensional surface. This reshaping cannot be done without introducing some error. To illustrate this point, imagine taking a cardboard globe, cutting it in half at the equator, and then cutting both the northern and southern hemispheres into four equal parts apiece. Resting on a table, the pieces are not flat they arch in the center. Try flattening one of the pieces. If you succeed, part of the cardboard will be scrunched together and other parts will tear apart. By flattening it, you modify its geography. Map projections enable the reshaping of the Earth by mathematically transforming spherical coordinates x, y, and z to 2 dimensional x and y space. They are the foundations we use to represent the Earths surface or portions of it. Projections are abstractions, and they introduce distortions to either the Earths shape, area, distance, or direction and sometimes to all of these properties. Different map projections cause different map distortions. One way to classify map projections is to describe them by the characteristic they do not distort. Usually only one property is preserved in a projection. Download Free Alien Ant Farm Live In Germany Rar. This chapter confines its focus to just two propertiesarea and shapebecause the projections that preserve these propertiesequal area and conformalare the most common. Equal area or equivalent projections preserve the area or the amount of space within features. On a small scale political map of the world, the areas within each country are preserved. In reality, the area of Mexico and Greenland is similar, and in the right hand map in Figure 3. Mollweide, the two territories are approximately the same size. Equal area projections, however, distort all the other properties. Shape, distance, and direction are not preserved. Figure 3. 3 Projections transform the 3 D Earth into a 2 D plane. Some projections, like Mercator, attempt to preserve area while other projections like Mollweide preserve the area contained within the landmasses. Conformal also known as orthomorphic maps preserve shape by preserving the angles of feature boundaries like countries and continents. Maintaining angles, however, distorts the area within the features see left map in Figure 3.